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61.
Gregory J. Pond Jeffrey E. Bailey Benjamin M. Lowman Michael J. Whitman 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(2):1515-1540
Multimetric indices (MMIs) are routinely used by federal, state, and tribal entities to assess the quality of aquatic resources. Because of their diversity, abundance, ubiquity, and sensitivity to environmental stress, benthic macroinvertebrates are well suited for MMIs. West Virginia has used a statewide family-level stream condition index (WVSCI) since 2002. We describe the development, validation, and application of a geographically- and seasonally partitioned genus-level index of most probable stream status (GLIMPSS) for West Virginia wadeable streams. Natural classification strata were evaluated with reference site communities using mean similarity analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination. Forty-one metrics spanning six ecological categories (richness, composition, tolerance, dominance, trophic groups, and habits) were evaluated for sensitivity, responsiveness, redundancy, range and variability across seasonal (spring and summer) and regional (mountains and plateau) strata. Through a step-wise metric selection process, 8–10 metrics were aggregated to comprise four stratum-specific GLIMPSS models (mountain/plateau and spring/summer). A comparison of GLIMPSS with WVSCI exhibited marked improvements where GLIMPSS detecting greater stream impacts. A variation of the GLIMPSS, which differs only in the family-level taxonomic identification of Chironomidae (GLIMPSS (CF)), was comparable to the full GLIMPSS. These MMIs are robust yet practical tools for evaluating impacts to water quality, instream and riparian habitat, and aquatic wildlife in wadeable riffle-run streams based on sensitivity, responsiveness, precision, and independent validation. These models may be used effectively to detect degradation of the naturally occurring benthic community, assess causes of biological degradation, and plan and evaluate remediation of damaged stream ecosystems. 相似文献
62.
63.
D. Alan Hansen Eric S. Edgerton Benjamin E. Hartsell John J. Jansen Navaneethakrishnan Kandasamy 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):1460-1471
Abstract This paper presents an overview of a major, long-term program for tropospheric gas and aerosol research in the southeastern United States. Building on three existing ozone (O3)-focused research sites begun in mid-1992, the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization Study (SEARCH) was initiated in mid-1998 as a 7-year observation and research program with a broader focus including aerosols and an expanded geographical coverage in the Southeast. The monitoring network comprises four urban-rural (or urban-suburban) site pairs at locations along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and inland, including two moderately sized and two major urban areas (Pensacola, FL; Gulfport, MS; Atlanta, GA; and Birmingham, AL). The sites are equipped with an extensive suite of instruments for measuring particulate matter (PM), gases relevant to secondary O3 and the production of secondary aerosol particles, and surface meteorology. The measurements taken to date have added substantially to the knowledge about the temporal behavior and geographic variability of tropospheric aerosols in the Southeast. Details are presented in four papers to follow. 相似文献
64.
Luís Costa Kirsten Thonicke Benjamin Poulter Franz-W. Badeck 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(3):543-551
Within the changing fire regimes of Portugal, the relative importance of humans and climatic variability for regional fire
statistics remains poorly understood. This work investigates the statistical relationship between temporal dynamics of fire
events in Portugal and a set of socioeconomic, landscape, and climatic variables for the time periods of 1980–1990, 1991–2000,
and extreme fires years. For 10 of 15 districts, it was possible to observe moderate shifts in the significance of fire drivers
for the first two decadal periods. For others, pronounced changes of the significance of fire drivers were found across time.
Results point toward a dynamic (perhaps highly non-linear) behavior of socioeconomic and landscape fire drivers, especially
during the occurrence of extreme fire years of 2003 and 2005. At country level, population density alone explained 42% of
the inter-annual and inter-district deviance in number of fires. At the same temporal and spatial scale, the explanatory power
of temperature anomalies proved to explain 43% of area burnt. We highlight the necessity of including a broad set of socioeconomic
and landscape fire drivers in order to account for potential significance shifts. In addition, although climate does trigger
broad favorable fire conditions across Portugal mainland, socioeconomic and landscape factors proved to determine much of
the complex fire patterns at a subnational scale. 相似文献
65.
Mixed-integer linear programs are proposed for siting development and conservation areas in watersheds, addressing economic
objectives (development perimeter and proximity) and ecological objectives. Links between watershed hydrology and ecology
need not be well defined. Parameters for the linear programs are obtained from linearization of the SWAT hydrologic model. 相似文献
66.
Benjamin K. Sovacool 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2007,9(2):187-201
Contrary to claims from American politicians, lobbyists, and oil and gas executives, allowing energy development in the Alaskan
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) will harm the environment, compromise international law, erode the social significance
of wilderness protection, and ultimately fail to␣increase the energy security of the United States. After exploring a brief
history of the ANWR controversy, this piece argues that the operation of oil and gas refineries in ANWR will release discharged
solids, drilling waste, and dirty diesel fuel into the ecosystem’s food-chain, as they have from oil operations in Prudhoe
Bay. Less obvious but equally important, oil and gas exploration in ANWR will violate a number of international treaties on
biodiversity protection. In the end, development in ANWR will threaten the concept of wilderness protection, and will do little
to end US dependence on foreign sources of energy.
About the Author: Benjamin K. Sovacool is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Science and Technology Studies at the Virginia Polytechnic
Institute & State University in Blacksburg, Virginia. He works as a research analyst for the Consortium on Energy Restructuring
and is a Senior Research Fellow for the Virginia Center for Coal and Energy Research. He also just completed a Graduate Fellowship
in Energy Policy at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
67.
Hannam ML Hagger JA Jones MB Galloway TS 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,152(2):342-350
Here, we identify and characterise cholinesterase (ChE) and carboxylesterase (CbE) activities in the body tissues of the sediment dwelling worm Arenicola marina. Exposure to the organophosphorus pesticide azamethiphos yielded an in vitro IC50 of 5 microg l(-1) for propionylcholinesterase (PChE). PChE was significantly inhibited in vivo after a 10 day exposure to 100 microg l(-1) azamethiphos, equivalent to the recommended aquatic application rate (ANOVA; F=2.75, P=0.033). To determine sensitivity to environmental conditions, A. marina were exposed for 10 days to field collected sediments. PChE activity was significantly lower in worms exposed to sediments from an estuary classified to be at high risk from point source pollution by the UK Environment Agency (ANOVA; F=15.33, P<0.001). Whilst causality cannot be directly attributed from these latter exposures, they provide an important illustration of the potential utility of esterase activity as a biomarker of environmental quality in this ecologically relevant sentinel species. 相似文献
68.
Sanchez W Piccini B Porcher JM 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2008,43(1):65-70
The aim of this study was to characterize biomarker responses in three-spined sticklebacks exposed to prochloraz (Pcz). For this purpose, adult sticklebacks were exposed for 2 weeks to prochloraz at 0, 10, 50, 100 and 500 microg/L prior to one week of depuration in clean water. At days 7, 14 and 21, several hepatic biomarkers were measured including 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), total glutathione (GSH) content and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Pcz induced a transient increase of antioxidant enzymes and a depletion of glutathione content during the first 7 days of exposure. This study showed that EROD activity and antioxidants were disrupted in a transient manner. GST was rapidly induced in a dose-dependent manner and this induction was persistent and observed also after depuration. GST appeared as a valuable biomarker to assess the exposure to Pcz. 相似文献
69.
Reduced nitrogen in ecology and the environment 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Erisman JW Bleeker A Galloway J Sutton MS 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,150(1):140-149
Since the beginning of the 19th century humans have increasingly fixed atmospheric nitrogen as ammonia to be used as fertilizer. The fertilizers are necessary to create amino acids and carbohydrates in plants to feed animals and humans. The efficiency with which the fertilizers eventually reach humans is very small: 5-15%, with much of the remainder lost to the environment. The global industrial production of ammonia amounts to 117 Mton NH(3)-Nyear(-1) (for 2004). By comparison, we calculate that anthropogenic emissions of NH(3) to the atmosphere over the lifecycle of industrial NH(3) in agriculture are 45.3 Mton NH(3)-Nyear(-1), about half the industrial production. Once emitted ammonia has a central role in many environmental issues. We expect an increase in fertilizer use through increasing demands for food and biofuels as population increases. Therefore, management of ammonia or abatement is necessary. 相似文献
70.
Tanner BD Brooks JP Gerba CP Haas CN Josephson KL Pepper IL 《Journal of environmental quality》2008,37(6):2311-2321
Some speculate that bioaerosols from land application of biosolids pose occupational risks, but few studies have assessed aerosolization of microorganisms from biosolids or estimated occupational risks of infection. This study investigated levels of microorganisms in air immediately downwind of land application operations and estimated occupational risks from aerosolized microorganisms. In all, more than 300 air samples were collected downwind of biosolids application sites at various locations within the United States. Coliform bacteria, coliphages, and heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria were enumerated from air and biosolids at each site. Concentrations of coliforms relative to Salmonella and concentrations of coliphage relative to enteroviruses in biosolids were used, in conjunction with levels of coliforms and coliphages measured in air during this study, to estimate exposure to Salmonella and enteroviruses in air. The HPC bacteria were ubiquitous in air near land application sites whether or not biosolids were being applied, and concentrations were positively correlated to windspeed. Coliform bacteria were detected only when biosolids were being applied to land or loaded into land applicators. Coliphages were detected in few air samples, and only when biosolids were being loaded into land applicators. In general, environmental parameters had little impact on concentrations of microorganisms in air immediately downwind of land application. The method of land application was most correlated to aerosolization. From this large body of data, the occupational risk of infection from bioaerosols was estimated to be 0.78 to 2.1%/yr. Extraordinary exposure scenarios carried an estimated annual risk of infection of up to 34%, with viruses posing the greatest threat. Risks from aerosolized microorganisms at biosolids land application sites appear to be lower than those at wastewater treatment plants, based on previously reported literature. 相似文献